%20(2).jpg "عبدالرحمن مجدي - Abdo magdy")
بنيان الهرم
pyramid architecture
Archaeologists
Find 1,000-Year-Old Mummy Buried at Top of Huge Pyramid
pyramid, in architecture, a monumental structure constructed of or faced
with stone or brick and having a rectangular base and four sloping triangular
(or sometimes trapezoidal) sides meeting at an apex (or truncated to form a
platform). Pyramids have been built at various times in Egypt, Sudan, Ethiopia,
western Asia, Greece, Cyprus, Italy, India, Thailand, Mexico, South America,
and on some islands of the Pacific Ocean. Those of Egypt and of Central and
South America are the best known.
may interest you History of Amelia Island
Learn about the hieroglyphics and the pyramids of ancient Egypt and
their contribution to the Egyptian civilization
Learn about the hieroglyphics and the pyramids of ancient Egypt and
their contribution to the Egyptian civilizationSee all videos for this article
Discover the inner structure of the Great Pyramid of Khufu, one of the
Pyramids of Giza
Discover the inner structure of the Great Pyramid of Khufu, one of the
Pyramids of GizaSee all videos for this article
The pyramids of ancient Egypt were funerary edifices. They were built
over a period of 2,700 years, ranging from the beginning of the Old Kingdom to
the close of the Ptolemaic period. But the time at which pyramid building
reached its acme, the pyramid age par excellence, was that commencing with the
3rd dynasty and ending at roughly the 6th (c. 2686–2325 BCE). During those
years the pyramid was the usual type of royal tomb. It was not, as such, an isolated
structure but was always part of an architectural complex. The essential
components, at least during the Old Kingdom, were the pyramid itself,
containing or surmounting the grave proper and standing within an enclosure on
high desert ground; an adjacent mortuary temple; and a causeway leading down to
a pavilion (usually called the valley temple), situated at the edge of the
cultivation and probably connected with the Nile by a canal. Scores of royal
pyramids have been found in Egypt, but many of them were reduced to mere mounds
of debris and long ago plundered of their treasures.
Al-Jizah. Giza Necropolis, Giza Plateau, Cairo, Egypt. Side view of Sphinx with the Great Pyramid of Khufu (Cheops) rising in the background. The sides of all three of the Giza pyramids are astronomically oriented to be
north-south, east-west (see notes)
Britannica Quiz
Pop Quiz: 18 Things to Know About Ancient Egypt
Step Pyramid of Djoser
Step Pyramid of Djoser
The prototype of the pyramid was the mastaba, a form of tomb known in
Egypt from the beginning of the dynastic era. It was characterized by a
flat-topped rectangular superstructure of mud brick or stone with a shaft
descending to the burial chamber far below it. Djoser, the second king of the
3rd dynasty, employing Imhotep as architect, undertook for the first time the
construction of a mastaba entirely of stone; it was 8 metres (26 feet) high and
had a square ground plan with sides of about 63 metres (207 feet) each. Once
completed it was extended on the ground on all four sides, and its height was
increased by building rectangular additions of diminishing size superimposed
upon its top. Thus Djoser’s original mastaba became a terraced structure rising
in six unequal stages to a height of 60 metres (197 feet), its base measuring
120 metres (394 feet) by 108 metres (354 feet). This monument, which lies at Ṣaqqārah,
is known as the Step Pyramid; it is probably the earliest stone building of
importance erected in Egypt. The substructure has an intricate system of
underground corridors and rooms, its main feature being a central shaft 25
metres (82 feet) deep and 8 metres (26 feet) wide, at the bottom of which is
the sepulchral chamber built of granite from Aswān. The Step Pyramid rises
within a vast walled court 544 metres (1,785 feet) long and 277 metres (909
feet) wide, in which are the remnants of several other stone edifices built to
supply the wants of the king in the hereafter.
may interest you Allergies
Blunted Pyramid
Blunted Pyramid
Pyramids of Giza
Pyramids of Giza
A structure of peculiar shape called the Bent, Blunted, False, or
Rhomboidal Pyramid, which stands at Dahshūr a short distance south of Ṣaqqārah,
marks an advance in development toward the strictly pyramidal tomb. Built by
Snefru, of the 4th dynasty, it is 188 square metres (2,024 square feet) at the
base and approximately 98 metres (322 feet) high. Peculiar in that it has a
double slope, it changes inclination about halfway up, the lower portion being
steeper than the upper. It comes nearer than Djoser’s terraced tomb to being a
true pyramid. A monumental structure at Maydūm, also ascribed to Snefru, was a
true pyramid, though not originally planned as such. The initial structure was
gradually enlarged until it became a gigantic eight-terraced mass of masonry; then
the steps were filled in with a packing of stone to form a continuous slope.
The entire structure was eventually covered with a smooth facing of limestone;
a geometrically true pyramid was the final result. In its ruined condition,
however, it has the appearance of a three-stepped pyramid rising to a height of
about 70 metres (230 feet). The earliest tomb known to have been designed and
executed throughout as a true pyramid is the Red Pyramid at Dahshūr, thought by
some to have also been erected by Snefru. It is about 220 metres (722 feet)
wide at the base and 104 metres (341 feet) high. The greatest of the Egyptian
pyramids are those of the pharaohs Khufu, Khafre, and Menkure at Giza (see
Pyramids of Giza).
Mayan pyramid, Chichén Itzá, Mexico
Mayan pyramid, Chichén Itzá, Mexico
Pyramid of the Sun
Pyramid of the Sun
Among American pyramids the best known include the Pyramid of the Sun
and the Pyramid of the Moon at Teotihuacán in central Mexico, the Castillo at
Chichén Itzá, and various Inca and Chimú structures in Andean settlements.
American pyramids were generally built of earth and then faced with stone, and
they are typically of stepped form and topped by a platform or temple
structure. The Pyramid of the Sun, with base dimensions of 220 by 230 metres
(722 by 755 feet), rivals in size the Great Pyramid of Giza, which measures 230
s
With my best wishes